Python Linked Lists
A linked list is one of the most common data structures used in computer science. It is also one of the simplest ones too, and is as well as fundamental to higher level structures like stacks, circular buffers, and queues.
Generally speaking, a list is a collection of single data elements that are connected via references. C programmers know this as pointers. For example, a data element can consist of address data, geographical data, geometric data, routing information, or transaction details. Usually, each element of the linked list has the same data type that is specific to the list.
A single list element is called a node. The nodes are not like arrays which are stored sequentially in memory. Instead, it is likely to find them at different memory segments, which you can find by following the pointers from one node to the next. It is common to mark the end of the list with a NIL element, represented by the Python equivalent None.
Figure 1: Single-linked list
There exist two kinds of lists – single and double-linked lists. A node in a single-linked list only points to the next element in the list, whereas a node in a double-linked list points to the previous node, too. The data structure occupies more space because you will need an additional variable to store the further reference.
Figure 2: Double-linked list
A single-linked list can be traversed from head to tail whereas traversing backwards is not as easy as that. In contrast, a double-linked list allows traversing the nodes in both directions at the same cost, no matter which node you start with. Also, adding and deleting of nodes as well as splitting single-linked lists is done in not more than two steps. In a double-linked list four pointers have to be changed.
The Python language does not contain a pre-defined datatype for linked lists. To cope with this situation we either have to create our own data type, or have to make use of additional Python modules that provide an implementation of such a data type.
In this article we’ll go through the steps to create our own linked list data structure. First we create a corresponding data structure for the node. Second, you will learn how to implement and use both a single-linked list, and finally a double-linked list.
Step 1: Node as a Data Structure
To have a data structure we can work with, we define a node. A node is implemented as a class named ListNode. The class contains the definition to create an object instance, in this case, with two variables – data to keep the node value, and next to store the reference to the next node in the list. Furthermore, a node has the following methods and properties:
__init_(): initialize the node with the dataself.data: the value stored in the nodeself.next: the reference pointer to the next nodehas_value(): compare a value with the node value
These methods ensure that we can initialize a node properly with our data (__init__()), and cover both the data extraction and storage (via the self.data property) as well getting the reference to the connected node (via the self.next property). The method has_value() allows us to compare the node value with the value of a different node.
Listing 1: The ListNode class
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, data):
"constructor to initiate this object"
# store data
self.data = data
# store reference (next item)
self.next = None
return
def has_value(self, value):
"method to compare the value with the node data"
if self.data == value:
return True
else:
return False
Creating a node is as simple as that, and instantiates an object of class ListNode:
Listing 2: Instantiation of nodes
node1 = ListNode(15)
node2 = ListNode(8.2)
node3 = ListNode("Berlin")
Having done that we have available three instances of the ListNode class. These instances represent three independent nodes that contain the values 15 (integer), 8.2 (float), and “Berlin” (string).
Step 2: Creating a Class for a Single-Linked List
As the second step we define a class named SingleLinkedList that covers the methods needed to manage our list nodes. It contains these methods:
__init__(): initiate an objectlist_length(): return the number of nodesoutput_list(): outputs the node valuesadd_list_item(): add a node at the end of the listunordered_search(): search the list for the nodes with a specified valueremove_list_item_by_id(): remove the node according to its id
We will go through each of these methods step by step.
The __init__() method defines two internal class variables named head and tail. They represent the beginning and the end nodes of the list. Initially, both head and tail have the value None as long as the list is empty.
Listing 3: The SingleLinkedList class (part one)
class SingleLinkedList:
def __init__(self):
"constructor to initiate this object"
self.head = None
self.tail = None
return
Step 3: Adding Nodes
Adding items to the list is done via add_list_item(). This method requires a node as an additional parameter. To make sure it is a proper node (an instance of class ListNode) the parameter is first verified using the built in Python function isinstance(). If successful, the node will be added at the end of the list. If item is not a ListNode, then one is created.
In case the list is (still) empty the new node becomes the head of the list. If a node is already in the list, then the value of tail is adjusted accordingly.
Listing 4: The SingleLinkedList class (part two)
def add_list_item(self, item):
"add an item at the end of the list"
if not isinstance(item, ListNode):
item = ListNode(item)
if self.head is None:
self.head = item
else:
self.tail.next = item
self.tail = item
return
The list_length() method counts the nodes, and returns the length of the list. To get from one node to the next in the list the node property self.next comes into play, and returns the link to the next node. Counting the nodes is done in a while loop as long as we do not reach the end of the list, which is represented by a None link to the next node.
Listing 5: The SingleLinkedList class (part three)
def list_length(self):
"returns the number of list items"
count = 0
current_node = self.head
while current_node is not None:
# increase counter by one
count = count + 1
# jump to the linked node
current_node = current_node.next
return count
The method output_list() outputs the node values using the node property data. Again, to get from one node to the next the link is used that is provided via next property.
Listing 6: The SingleLinkedList class (part four)
def output_list(self):
"outputs the list (the value of the node, actually)"
current_node = self.head
while current_node is not None:
print(current_node.data)
# jump to the linked node
current_node = current_node.next
return
Based on the class SingleLinkedList we can create a proper list named track, and play with its methods as already described above in Listings 3-6. Therefore, we create four list nodes, evaluate them in a for loop and output the list content. Listing 7 shows you how to program that, and Listing 8 shows the output.
Listing 7: Creation of nodes and list output
# create four single nodes
node1 = ListNode(15)
node2 = ListNode(8.2)
item3 = "Berlin"
node4 = ListNode(15)
track = SingleLinkedList()
print("track length: %i" % track.list_length())
for current_item in [node1, node2, item3, node4]:
track.add_list_item(current_item)
print("track length: %i" % track.list_length())
track.output_list()
The output is as follows, and shows how the list grows:
Listing 8: Adding nodes to the list
$ python3 simple-list.py
track length: 0
track length: 1
15
track length: 2
15
8.2
track length: 3
15
8.2
Berlin
track length: 4
15
8.2
Berlin
15
Step 4: Searching the List
Searching the entire list is done using the method unordered_search(). It requires an additional parameter for the value to be searched. The head of the list is the starting point.
While searching we count the nodes. To indicate a match we use the corresponding node number. The method unordered_search() returns a list of node numbers that represent the matches. As an example, both the first and fourth node contain the value 15. The search for 15 results in a list with two elements: [1, 4].
Listing 9: The search method unordered_search()
def unordered_search (self, value):
"search the linked list for the node that has this value"
# define current_node
current_node = self.head
# define position
node_id = 1
# define list of results
results = []
while current_node is not None:
if current_node.has_value(value):
results.append(node_id)
# jump to the linked node
current_node = current_node.next
node_id = node_id + 1
return results
Step 5: Removing an Item from the List
Removing a node from the list requires adjusting just one reference – the one pointing to the node to be removed must now point to the next one. This reference is kept by the node to be removed, and must be replaced. In the background the Python garbage collector takes care of unreferenced objects, and tidies up.
The following method is named remove_list_item_by_id(). As a parameter it refers to the number of the node similar to the value returned by unordered_search().
Listing 10: Removing a node by node number
def remove_list_item_by_id(self, item_id):
"remove the list item with the item id"
current_id = 1
current_node = self.head
previous_node = None
while current_node is not None:
if current_id == item_id:
# if this is the first node (head)
if previous_node is not None:
previous_node.next = current_node.next
else:
self.head = current_node.next
# we don't have to look any further
return
# needed for the next iteration
previous_node = current_node
current_node = current_node.next
current_id = current_id + 1
return
Step 6: Creating a Double-Linked List
To create a double-linked list it feels natural just to extend the ListNode class by creating an additional reference to the previous node. This affects the methods for adding, removing, and sorting nodes. As shown in Listing 11, a new property named previous has been added to store the reference pointer to the previous node in the list. We’ll change our methods to use this property for tracking and traversing nodes as well.
Listing 11: Extended list node class
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, data):
"constructor class to initiate this object"
# store data
self.data = data
# store reference (next item)
self.next = None
# store reference (previous item)
self.previous = None
return
def has_value(self, value):
"method to compare the value with the node data"
if self.data == value:
return True
else:
return False
Now we are able to define a double-linked list as follows:
Listing 12: A DoubleLinkedList class
class DoubleLinkedList:
def __init__(self):
"constructor to initiate this object"
self.head = None
self.tail = None
return
def list_length(self):
"returns the number of list items"
count = 0
current_node = self.head
while current_node is not None:
# increase counter by one
count = count + 1
# jump to the linked node
current_node = current_node.next
return count
def output_list(self):
"outputs the list (the value of the node, actually)"
current_node = self.head
while current_node is not None:
print(current_node.data)
# jump to the linked node
current_node = current_node.next
return
def unordered_search (self, value):
"search the linked list for the node that has this value"
# define current_node
current_node = self.head
# define position
node_id = 1
# define list of results
results = []
while current_node is not None:
if current_node.has_value(value):
results.append(node_id)
# jump to the linked node
current_node = current_node.next
node_id = node_id + 1
return results
As described earlier, adding nodes requires a bit more action. Listing 13 shows how to implement that:
Listing 13: Adding nodes in a double-linked list
def add_list_item(self, item):
"add an item at the end of the list"
if isinstance(item, ListNode):
if self.head is None:
self.head = item
item.previous = None
item.next = None
self.tail = item
else:
self.tail.next = item
item.previous = self.tail
self.tail = item
return
Removing an item from the list similar costs have to be taken into account. Listing 14 shows how to do that:
Listing 14: Removing an item from a double-linked list
def remove_list_item_by_id(self, item_id):
"remove the list item with the item id"
current_id = 1
current_node = self.head
while current_node is not None:
previous_node = current_node.previous
next_node = current_node.next
if current_id == item_id:
# if this is the first node (head)
if previous_node is not None:
previous_node.next = next_node
if next_node is not None:
next_node.previous = previous_node
else:
self.head = next_node
if next_node is not None:
next_node.previous = None
# we don't have to look any further
return
# needed for the next iteration
current_node = next_node
current_id = current_id + 1
return
Listing 15 shows how to use the class in a Python program.
Listing 15: Building a double-linked list
# create three single nodes
node1 = ListNode(15)
node2 = ListNode(8.2)
node3 = ListNode("Berlin")
node4 = ListNode(15)
track = DoubleLinkedList()
print("track length: %i" % track.list_length())
for current_node in [node1, node2, node3, node4]:
track.add_list_item(current_node)
print("track length: %i" % track.list_length())
track.output_list()
results = track.unordered_search(15)
print(results)
track.remove_list_item_by_id(4)
track.output_list()
As you can see, we can use the class exactly as before when it was just a single-linked list. The only change is the internal data structure.
Step 7: Creating Double-Linked Lists with deque
Since other engineers have faced the same issue, we can simplify things for ourselves and use one of the few existing implementations available. In Python, we can use the deque object from the collections module. According to the module documentation:
Deques are a generalization of stacks and queues (the name is pronounced “deck” and is short for “double-ended queue”). Deques support thread-safe, memory efficient appends and pops from either side of the deque with approximately the same O(1) performance in either direction.
For example, this object contains the following methods:
append(): add an item to the right side of the list (end)append_left(): add an item to the left side of the list (head)clear(): remove all items from the listcount(): count the number of items with a certain valueindex(): find the first occurrence of a value in the listinsert(): insert an item in the listpop(): remove an item from the right side of a list (end)popleft(): remove an item from the left side of a list (head)remove(): remove an item from the listreverse(): reverse the list
The underlying data structure of deque is a Python list which is double-linked. The first list node has the index 0. Using deque leads to a significant simplification of the ListNode class. The only thing we keep is the class variable data to store the node value. Listing 16 is as follows:
Listing 16: ListNode class with deque (simplified)
from collections import deque
class ListNode:
def __init__(self, data):
"constructor class to initiate this object"
# store data
self.data = data
return
The definition of nodes does not change, and is similar to Listing 2. With this knowledge in mind we create a list of nodes as follows:
Listing 17: Creating a List with deque
track = deque([node1, node2, node3])
print("three items (initial list):")
for item in track:
print(item.data)
Adding an item at the beginning of the list works with the append_left() method as Listing 18 shows:
Listing 18: Adding an element at the beginning of a list
# add an item at the beginning
node4 = ListNode(15)
track.append_left(node4)
print("four items (added as the head):")
for item in track:
print(item.data)
Similarly, append() adds a node at the end of the list as Listing 19 shows:
Listing 19: Adding an element at the end of the list
# add an item at the end
node5 = ListNode("Moscow")
print("five items (added at the end):")
track.append(node5)
for item in track:
print(item.data)
Conclusion
Linked lists as data structures are easy to implement, and offer great usage flexibility. It is done with a few lines of code. As an improvement you could add a node counter – a class variable that simply holds the number of nodes in the list. This reduces the determination of the list length to a single operation with O(1), and you do not have to traverse the entire list.
For further reading and alternative implementations you may have a look here:
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Gerold Rupprecht and Mandy Neumeyer for their support, and comments while preparing this article.