Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Raising and Handling Python Exceptions A Python program terminates as soon as it encounters an error. In Python, an error can be a syntax error or an exception. In this tutorial, you’ll see what an exception is and how it differs from a syntax error. After that, you’ll learn about raising exceptions and making […]

If you’ve ever come across a standard string literal prefixed with either the lowercase letter r or the uppercase letter R, then you’ve encountered a Python raw string: Although a raw string looks and behaves mostly the same as a normal string literal, there’s an important difference in how Python interprets some of its characters, which you’ll explore in this tutorial. Notice that there’s nothing special about the resulting string object. Whether you declare your literal value using a prefix […]

One of Python’s most distinctive features is the list comprehension, which you can use to create powerful functionality within a single line of code. However, many developers struggle to fully leverage the more advanced features of list comprehensions in Python. Some programmers even use them too much, which can lead to code that’s less efficient and harder to read. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand the full power of Python list comprehensions and know how to use their […]