python_tutorials
Python

Spelling Correction in Python with TextBlob

Introduction Spelling mistakes are common, and most people are used to software indicating if a mistake was made. From autocorrect on our phones, to red underlining in text editors, spell checking is an essential feature for many different products. The first program to implement spell checking was written in 1971 for the DEC PDP-10. Called SPELL, it was capable of performing only simple comparisons of words and detecting one or two letter differences. As hardware and software advanced, so have […]

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python_tutorials
Python

Jump Search in Python

Introduction Finding the right data we need is an age-old problem before computers. As developers, we create many search algorithms to retrieve data efficiently. Search algorithms can be divided into two broad categories: sequential and interval searches. Sequential searches check each element in a data structure. Interval searches check various points of the data (called intervals), reducing the time it takes to find an item, given a sorted dataset. In this article, you will cover Jump Search in Python – […]

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NLP

CCAligned: A Massive Collection of Cross-Lingual Web-Document Pairs

Abstract Cross-lingual document alignment aims to identify pairs of documents in two distinct languages that are of comparable content or translations of each other. In this paper, we exploit the signals embedded in URLs to label web documents at scale with an average precision of 94.5% across different language pairs. We mine sixty-eight snapshots of the Common Crawl corpus and identify web document pairs that are translations of each other. We release a new web dataset consisting of over 392 […]

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NLP

Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering

November 16, 2020 By: Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oğuz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, Wen-tau Yih Abstract Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dual-encoder […]

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NLP

Measuring the Similarity of Grammatical Gender Systems by Comparing Partitions

Abstract A grammatical gender system divides a lexicon into a small number of relatively fixed grammatical categories. How similar are these gender systems across languages? To quantify the similarity, we define gender systems extensionally, thereby reducing the problem of comparisons between languages’ gender systems to cluster evaluation. We borrow a rich inventory of statistical tools for cluster evaluation from the field of community detection (Driver and Kroeber, 1932; Cattell, 1945), that enable us to craft novel information-theoretic metrics for measuring […]

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NLP

An Imitation Game for Learning Semantic Parsers from User Interaction

November 16, 2020 By: Ziyu Yao, Yiqi Tang, Wen-tau Yih, Huan Sun, Yu Su Abstract Despite the widely successful applications, building a semantic parser is still a tedious process in practice with challenges from costly data annotation and privacy risks. We suggest an alternative, human-in-the-loop methodology for learning semantic parsers directly from users. A semantic parser should be introspective of its uncertainties and prompt for user demonstrations when uncertain. In doing so it also gets to imitate the user behavior […]

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NLP

Generating Fact Checking Briefs

Abstract Fact checking at scale is difficult—while the number of active fact checking websites is growing, it remains too small for the needs of the contemporary media ecosystem. However, despite good intentions, contributions from volunteers are often error-prone, and thus in practice restricted to claim detection. We investigate how to increase the accuracy and efficiency of fact checking by providing information about the claim before performing the check, in the form of natural language briefs. We investigate passage-based briefs, containing […]

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NLP

Measuring Systematic Generalization in Neural Proof Generation with Transformers

November 27, 2020 By: Nicolas Gontier, Koustuv Sinha, Siva Reddy, Christopher Pal Abstract We are interested in understanding how well Transformer language models (TLMs) can perform reasoning tasks when trained on knowledge encoded in the form of natural language. We investigate systematic generalization abilities on an inductive logical reasoning task in natural language, which involves reasoning over relationships between entities grounded in first-order logical proofs. Specifically, we perform soft theorem-proving by leveraging TLMs to generate logical proofs represented in natural […]

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NLP

Deep Transformers with Latent Depth

Abstract The Transformer model has achieved state-of-the-art performance in many sequence modeling tasks. However, how to leverage model capacity with large or variable depths is still an open challenge. We present a probabilistic framework to automatically learn which layer(s) to use by learning the posterior distributions of layer selection. As an extension of this framework, we propose a novel method to train one shared Transformer network for multilingual machine translation with different layer selection posteriors for each language pair. The […]

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NLP

Resource Constrained Dialog Policy Learning via Differentiable Inductive Logic Programming

Abstract Motivated by the needs of resource constrained dialog policy learning, we introduce dialog policy via differentiable inductive logic (DILOG). We explore the tasks of one-shot learning and zero-shot domain transfer with DILOG on SimDial and MultiWoZ. Using a single representative dialog from the restaurant domain, we train DILOG on the SimDial dataset and obtain 99+% in-domain test accuracy. We also show that the trained DILOG zero-shot transfers to all other domains with 99+% accuracy, proving the suitability of DILOG […]

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