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AI Testing and Evaluation: Learnings from cybersecurity

CIARAN MARTIN: Well, thanks so much for inviting me. It’s great to be here. SULLIVAN: Ciaran, before we get into some regulatory specifics, it’d be great to hear a little bit more about your origin story, and just take us to that day—who tapped you on the shoulder and said, “Ciaran, we need you to run a national cyber center! Do you fancy building one?” MARTIN: You could argue that I owe my job to Edward Snowden. Not an obvious […]

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How AI will accelerate biomedical research and discovery

Daphne Koller is the CEO and founder of Insitro, a machine learning-driven drug discovery and development company that recently made news for its identification of a novel drug target for ALS and its collaboration with Eli Lilly to license Lilly’s biochemical delivery systems. Prior to founding Insitro, Daphne was the co-founder, co-CEO, and president of the online education platform Coursera. Noubar Afeyan is the founder and CEO of Flagship Pioneering, which creates biotechnology companies focused on transforming human health and […]

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Python

Quiz: What Is Python’s __init__.py For?

Interactive Quiz ⋅ 7 QuestionsBy Martin Breuss Share In this quiz, you’ll test your knowledge of Python’s __init__.py file. Understanding this file’s role will help you create more organized and reusable Python code. The quiz contains 7 questions and there is no time limit. You’ll get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end of the quiz, you’ll receive a total score. The maximum score is 100%. Good luck! Related Resources

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Python

What Is Python’s __init__.py For?

Python’s special __init__.py file marks a directory as a regular Python package and allows you to import its modules. This file runs automatically the first time you import its containing package. You can use it to initialize package-level variables, define functions or classes, and structure the package’s namespace clearly for users. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: A directory without an __init__.py file becomes a namespace package, which behaves differently from a regular package and may cause […]

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Python

Exploring Protocols in Python

In Python, a protocol specifies the methods and attributes that a class must implement to be considered of a given type. Protocols are important in Python’s type hint system, which allows for static type checking through external tools, such as mypy, Pyright, and Pyre. Before there were protocols, these tools could only check for nominal subtyping based on inheritance. There was no way to check for structural subtyping, which relies on the internal structure of classes. This limitation affected Python’s […]

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Python

Free-Threaded Python Unleashed and Other Python News for July 2025

Last month was a watershed moment for Python. Python 3.14 beta 3, released mid-June, isn’t just another pre-release. It’s the first build in which the long-awaited free-threaded or “no-GIL” variant is officially supported. That’s right: a no-GIL Python is finally taking shape. The interpreter isn’t the only thing making headlines, though. Below you’ll find a curated tour of the latest Python developments, broken down by area so you can zero in on your favorite topic. Core Python Development CPython’s core […]

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AI Testing and Evaluation: Learnings from pharmaceuticals and medical devices

DANIEL CARPENTER: Thanks for having me.  SULLIVAN: Dan, before we dissect policy, let’s rewind the tape to your origin story. Can you take us to the moment that you first became fascinated with regulators rather than, say, politicians? Was there a spark that pulled you toward the FDA story?  CARPENTER: At one point during graduate school, I was studying a combination of American politics and political theory, and I did a summer interning at the Department of Housing and Urban Development. And I began to think, why […]

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Python

330× faster: Four different ways to speed up your code

Note: The original version of this article was slightly different, e.g. with 500x speedup; I reworked it to make the argument clearer. If your Python code is slow and needs to be fast, there are many different approaches you can take, from parallelism to writing a compiled extension. But if you just stick to one approach, it’s easy to miss potential speedups, and end up with code that is much slower than it could be. To make sure you’re not […]

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Python

500× faster: Four different ways to speed up your code

If your Python code is slow and needs to be fast, there are many different approaches you can take, from parallelism to writing a compiled extension. But if you just stick to one approach, it’s easy to miss potential speedups, and end up with code that is much slower than it could be. To make sure you’re not forgetting potential sources of speed, it’s useful to think in terms of practices. Each practice: Speeds up your code in its own […]

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Python

Quiz: Python 3.14 Preview: Template Strings (T-Strings)

Interactive Quiz ⋅ 11 QuestionsBy Leodanis Pozo Ramos Share Evaluate your grasp of Python’s t-strings, which provide a structured and secure way to handle string templates. The quiz contains 11 questions and there is no time limit. You’ll get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end of the quiz, you’ll receive a total score. The maximum score is 100%. Good luck! Related Resources

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