In this tutorial, you’ll build your own Wordle clone for the terminal. Since Josh Wardle launched Wordle in October 2021, millions of people have played it. While you can play the original game on the Web, you’ll create your version as a command-line application and then use the Rich library to make it look good. As you follow along in this step-by-step project, you’ll practice how to set up a simple prototype game before iteratively developing it into a solid […]

Libraries like NumPy and Pandas let you switch data types, which allows you to reduce memory usage. Switching from numpy.float64 (“double-precision” or 64-bit floats) to numpy.float32 (“single-precision” or 32-bit floats) cuts memory usage in half. But it does so at a cost: float32 can only store a much smaller range of numbers, with less precision. So if you want to save memory, how do you use float32 without distorting your results? Let’s find out! In particular, we will: Explore the […]

You have a file with data you want to process with Pandas, and you want to make sure you won’t run out of memory. How do you estimate memory usage given the file size? At times you may see estimates like these: “Have 5 to 10 times as much RAM as the size of your dataset”, or “several times the size of your dataset”, or 2×-3× the size of the dataset. All of these estimates can both under- and over-estimate […]

Most modern web applications are powered by a REST API under the hood. That way, developers can separate JavaScript front-end code from the back-end logic that a web framework like Flask provides. Following this step-by-step project, you’ll create an interactive single-page application with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The foundation is an existing Flask project with a REST API and a connected SQLite database, which you’ll grab in just a moment. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Navigate a full-stack […]

One of the most common questions you might have when entering the world of pandas is how to iterate over rows in a pandas DataFrame. If you’ve gotten comfortable using loops in core Python, then this is a perfectly natural question to ask. While iterating over rows is relatively straightforward with .itertuples() or .iterrows(), that doesn’t necessarily mean iteration is the best way to work with DataFrames. In fact, while iteration may be a quick way to make progress, relying […]

Libraries like NumPy and Pandas let you switch data types, which allows you to reduce memory usage. Switching from numpy.float64 (“double-precision” or 64-bit floats) to numpy.float32 (“single-precision” or 32-bit floats) cuts memory usage in half. But it does so at a cost: float32 can only store a much smaller range of numbers, with less precision. So if you want to save memory, how do you use float32 without distorting your results? Let’s find out! In particular, we will: Explore some […]

The Python standard shell, or REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop), allows you to run Python code interactively while working on a project or learning the language. This tool is available in every Python installation, so you can use it at any moment. As a Python developer, you’ll spend a considerable part of your coding time in a REPL session because this tool allows you to test new ideas, explore and experiment with new tools and libraries, refactor and debug your code, and […]