What is a Circular Dependency? A circular dependency occurs when two or more modules depend on each other. This is due to the fact that each module is defined in terms of the other (See Figure 1). For example: functionA(): functionB() And functionB(): functionA() The code above depicts a fairly obvious circular dependency. functionA() calls functionB(), thus depending on it, and functionB() calls functionA(). This type of circular dependency has some obvious problems, which we’ll describe a bit further in […]

Python is one of the most widely used languages out there. Be it web development, machine learning and AI, or even micro-controller programming, Python has found its place just about everywhere. This article provides a brief introduction to Python for beginners to the language. The article is aimed at absolute beginners with no previous Python experience, although some previous programming knowledge will help, but is not necessarily required. I’ve found that the best way to learn is to try to […]

Adding Elements to a List Lists are one of the most useful data structures available in Python, or really any programming language, since they’re used in so many different algorithms and solutions. Once we have created a list, often times we may need to add new elements to it, whether it be at the end, beginning, or somewhere in between. Python offers us three different methods to do so. In this article I’ll be showing the differences between the append, […]

Downloading files from different online resources is one of the most important and common programming tasks to perform on the web. The importance of file downloading can be highlighted by the fact that a huge number of successful applications allow users to download files. Here are just a few web application functions that require downloading files: File sharing Data mining Retrieving website code (CSS, JS, etc) Social media These are just a few of the applications that come to mind, […]

This tutorial will give an introduction to what Python exceptions are, the most common types of exceptions, and how to handle raised exceptions with the try and except clauses. What is a Python Exception? A Python exception is a construct used to signal an important event, usually an error, that occurs when executing a program. An exception may cause the program to stop if it is not properly “caught” (i.e. handled correctly). If you think that your program might raise […]