Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Python String Formatting Tips & Best Practices String formatting is the process of applying a proper format to a given value while using this value to create a new string through interpolation. Python has several tools for string interpolation that support many formatting features. In modern Python, you’ll use f-strings or the .format() method […]

String interpolation allows you to create strings by inserting objects into specific places in a target string template. Python has several tools for string interpolation, including f-strings, the str.format() method, and the modulo operator (%). Python’s string module also provides the Template class, which you can use for string interpolation. In this tutorial, you’ll: Learn how to use f-strings for eager string interpolation Perform lazy string interpolation using the str.format() method Learn the basics of using the modulo operator (%) […]

Let’s speed up some software! Our motivation: we have an image, a photo of some text from a book. We want to turn it into a 1-bit image, with just black and white, extracting the text so we can easily read it. We’ll use an example image from scikit-image, an excellent image processing library: from skimage.data import page import numpy as np IMAGE = page() assert IMAGE.dtype == np.uint8 Here’s what it looks like (it’s licensed under this license): The […]

The idea of CRUD is strongly connected with databases. That’s why it’s no surprise that CRUD operations correspond almost one-to-one with SQL commands: When you create data, you’re using the INSERT command to add new records to a table. After creation, you may read data using SELECT. With a SELECT query, you’re asking the database to retrieve the specific pieces of information you need, whether it’s a single value, a set of records, or complex relationships between data points. The […]

A pivot table is a data analysis tool that allows you to take columns of raw data from a pandas DataFrame, summarize them, and then analyze the summary data to reveal its insights. Pivot tables allow you to perform common aggregate statistical calculations such as sums, counts, averages, and so on. Often, the information a pivot table produces reveals trends and other observations your original raw data hides. Pivot tables were originally implemented in early spreadsheet packages and are still […]

The Python calendar module provides several ways to generate calendars for Python programs. It also includes a variety of functions for working with calendar data as strings, numbers, and datetime objects. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use the calendar module to create and customize calendars with Python. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll be able to: Display calendars in your terminal with Python Create plain text and HTML calendars Format calendars for specific locales and display conventions […]