Introduction In Python, a set is a data structure that stores unordered items. The set items are also unindexed. Like a list, a set allows the addition and removal of elements. However, there are a few unique characteristics that define a set and separate it from other data structures: A set does not hold duplicate items. The elements of the set are immutable, that is, they cannot be changed, but the set itself is mutable, that is, it can be […]

In the previous article Seaborn Library for Data Visualization in Python: Part 1, we looked at how the Seaborn Library is used to plot distributional and categorial plots. In this article we will continue our discussion and will see some of the other functionalities offered by Seaborn to draw different types of plots. We will start our discussion with Matrix Plots. Matrix Plots Matrix plots are the type of plots that show data in the form of rows and columns. […]

Introduction Logging helps you keep track of events happening during the execution of your code, which can then be used in the future for debugging purposes. It provides a better picture of the flow of the application and helps developers trace the source of errors that happens during execution of your code, thereby enhancing the maintainability of the application. In Python, most of the basic logging features are provided by the Python standard library. Hence, you can add logging to […]

What is a Nested Function? Functions are one of the “first-class citizens” of Python, which means that functions are at the same level as other Python objects like integers, strings, modules, etc. They can be created and destroyed dynamically, passed to other functions, returned as values, etc. Python supports the concept of a “nested function” or “inner function”, which is simply a function defined inside another function. In the rest of the article, we will use the word “inner function” […]

Introduction Even for someone not interested in computer programming, the usefulness of generating random numbers in certain circumstances is something obvious. In most board games we throw dice to generate an unpredictable number that defines the player’s next move. Also, we can all agree that playing any card game would be pointless without a proper shuffle between rounds. But random numbers are not only important in relatively trivial fields like entertainment or gambling. They’re especially crucial in the field of […]

In my previous article, I explained how the Pandas library can be used for plotting basic and time series plots. While Pandas, Matplotlib, and Seaborn libraries are excellent data plotting libraries, they can only plot static graphs. Static plots are like simple non-interactive images. In most of the cases, static plots are enough to convey the information. However, in some cases you may like to add user interactivity to your plots. In this article, we will see how the Python’s […]