Python’s built-in min() and max() functions come in handy when you need to find the smallest and largest values in an iterable or in a series of regular arguments. Even though these might seem like fairly basic computations, they turn out to have many interesting use cases in real-world programing. You’ll try out some of those use cases here. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Use Python’s min() and max() to find smallest and largest values in your data […]

PyCon US is back as an in-person conference. PyCon US 2022 is happening in Salt Lake City April 29 to May 1, and Real Python is there as well. Come join us at our booth and at the open space on Saturday. In this article, you’ll learn where you can find Real Python at PyCon in Salt Lake City, and get to know what some of our team members are excited about at the conference. Meet Real Python at PyCon […]

Most computers these days come with multiple cores, allowing multiple threads to run computations in parallel. And even without multiple cores, you can have concurrency, for example one thread waiting on disk while another runs code on the CPU. The ability to use parallelism can be critical to scaling your application—or making your data processing finish faster. Unfortunately, in many cases Python can only run one thread at a time, due to what’s know as the Global Interpreter Lock (“GIL”). […]

At some point in your Python coding journey, you learn that you should use a context manager to open files. Python context managers make it easy to close your files once you’re done with them: with open(“hello.txt”, mode=”w”) as file: file.write(“Hello, World!”) The with statement initiates a context manager. In this example, the context manager opens the file hello.txt and manages the file resource as long as the context is active. In general, all the code in the indented block […]

The Series and DataFrame objects in pandas are powerful tools for exploring and analyzing data. Part of their power comes from a multifaceted approach to combining separate datasets. With pandas, you can merge, join, and concatenate your datasets, allowing you to unify and better understand your data as you analyze it. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how and when to combine your data in pandas with: merge() for combining data on common columns or indices .join() for combining data on […]

Python 3.11 will be released in October 2022. Even though October is still months away, you can already preview some of the upcoming features, including the new task and exception groups that Python 3.11 has to offer. Task groups let you organize your asynchronous code better, while exception groups can collect several errors happening at the same time and let you handle them in a straightforward manner. There are many other improvements and features coming in Python 3.11. Check out […]

Congratulations! You’re going to PyCon US! Whether this is your first time or not, going to a conference full of people who love the same thing as you is always a fun experience. There’s so much more to PyCon than just a bunch of people talking about the Python language, and that can be intimidating for first-time attendees. This guide will help you navigate all there is to see and do at PyCon. PyCon US is the biggest conference centered […]

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to work with Python’s venv module to create and manage separate virtual environments for your Python projects. Each environment can use different versions of package dependencies and Python. After you’ve learned to work with virtual environments, you’ll know how to help other programmers reproduce your development setup, and you’ll make sure that your projects never cause dependency conflicts for one another. Virtual environments are a common and effective technique used in Python development. Gaining […]