Last Updated on August 7, 2019 The bag-of-words model is a way of representing text data when modeling text with machine learning algorithms. The bag-of-words model is simple to understand and implement and has seen great success in problems such as language modeling and document classification. In this tutorial, you will discover the bag-of-words model for feature extraction in natural language processing. After completing this tutorial, you will know: What the bag-of-words model is and why it is needed to […]

Last Updated on August 7, 2019 Word embeddings are a type of word representation that allows words with similar meaning to have a similar representation. They are a distributed representation for text that is perhaps one of the key breakthroughs for the impressive performance of deep learning methods on challenging natural language processing problems. In this post, you will discover the word embedding approach for representing text data. After completing this post, you will know: What the word embedding approach […]

Last Updated on August 7, 2019 Attention is a mechanism that was developed to improve the performance of the Encoder-Decoder RNN on machine translation. In this tutorial, you will discover the attention mechanism for the Encoder-Decoder model. After completing this tutorial, you will know: About the Encoder-Decoder model and attention mechanism for machine translation. How to implement the attention mechanism step-by-step. Applications and extensions to the attention mechanism. Kick-start your project with my new book Deep Learning for Natural Language […]

Last Updated on August 14, 2020 Text data preparation is different for each problem. Preparation starts with simple steps, like loading data, but quickly gets difficult with cleaning tasks that are very specific to the data you are working with. You need help as to where to begin and what order to work through the steps from raw data to data ready for modeling. In this tutorial, you will discover how to prepare movie review text data for sentiment analysis, […]

Last Updated on August 7, 2019 You cannot go straight from raw text to fitting a machine learning or deep learning model. You must clean your text first, which means splitting it into words and handling punctuation and case. In fact, there is a whole suite of text preparation methods that you may need to use, and the choice of methods really depends on your natural language processing task. In this tutorial, you will discover how you can clean and […]

Last Updated on September 3, 2020 Movie reviews can be classified as either favorable or not. The evaluation of movie review text is a classification problem often called sentiment analysis. A popular technique for developing sentiment analysis models is to use a bag-of-words model that transforms documents into vectors where each word in the document is assigned a score. In this tutorial, you will discover how you can develop a deep learning predictive model using the bag-of-words representation for movie […]

Last Updated on August 24, 2020 Text classification describes a general class of problems such as predicting the sentiment of tweets and movie reviews, as well as classifying email as spam or not. Deep learning methods are proving very good at text classification, achieving state-of-the-art results on a suite of standard academic benchmark problems. In this post, you will discover some best practices to consider when developing deep learning models for text classification. After reading this post, you will know: […]