Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Hands-On Python 3 Concurrency With the asyncio Module Python’s asyncio library enables you to write concurrent code using the async and await keywords. The core building blocks of async I/O in Python are awaitable objects—most often coroutines—that an event loop schedules and executes asynchronously. This programming model lets you efficiently manage multiple I/O-bound tasks […]

Python has a complete set of built-in exceptions that provide a quick and efficient way to handle errors and exceptional situations in your code. Knowing the most commonly used built-in exceptions is key for you as a Python developer. This knowledge will help you debug code because each exception has a specific meaning that can shed light on your debugging process. You’ll also be able to handle and raise most of the built-in exceptions in your Python code, which is […]

Interactive Quiz ⋅ 17 QuestionsBy Bartosz Zaczyński Share In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of the Bitwise Operators in Python. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to use Python’s bitwise AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), NOT (~), left and right shifts (), and bitmasks. You’ll also see practical examples for manipulating data at the bit level. Good luck! The quiz contains 17 questions and there is no time limit. You’ll get 1 point for each correct […]

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Binary, Bytes, and Bitwise Operators in Python Computers store all kinds of information as a stream of binary digits called bits. Whether you’re working with text, images, or videos, they all boil down to ones and zeros. Python’s bitwise operators let you manipulate those individual bits of data at the most granular level. You […]

In Python, a closure is typically a function defined inside another function. This inner function grabs the objects defined in its enclosing scope and associates them with the inner function object itself. The resulting combination is called a closure. Closures are a common feature in functional programming languages. In Python, closures can be pretty useful because they allow you to create function-based decorators, which are powerful tools. In this video course, you’ll: Learn what closures are and how they work […]

Python’s isinstance() function helps you determine if an object is an instance of a specified class or its superclass, aiding in writing cleaner and more robust code. You use it to confirm that function parameters are of the expected types, allowing you to handle type-related issues preemptively. This tutorial explores how isinstance() works, its use with subclasses, and how it differs from type(). By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: isinstance() checks if an object is a member […]